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<p>　　谷歌聯合霍華德·休斯醫學研究所的科學家曾製作過一個“果蠅半腦連接組”，包括了昆蟲全腦的一半左右。而此次，谷歌和哈佛大學的Lichtman實驗室製作了一個可瀏覽、可搜索的人類大腦皮層的3D“地圖”——最新的“H01”數據集容量超過100萬GB。</p> <p>　　研究團隊從人類大腦皮層的顳葉開始取樣，為獲得視覺清晰度，還對其染色、涂上樹脂，再切成大約5300個切片，每個切片的厚度約為30奈米（nm）。團隊使用掃描電子顯微鏡對這些切片進行成像，其解析度達4奈米——這創造了2.25億張二維圖像，再將它們拼接成一個三維結構。</p> <p>　　最終，這一數據集覆蓋大約一立方毫米的皮質組織，包括數萬個神經元、部分神經重建元片段、1.3億個帶註釋的突觸、104個校對細胞以及許多其他亞細胞註釋和結構。“H01”樣本通過4nm解析度成像，再由自動計算技術重建和註釋，最終可讓人們看到一個初步的人類大腦皮層結構。</p> <p>　　這是迄今為止人類編制的最全面、最詳細的人類大腦“地圖”，也是第一個大規模研究人類大腦皮層的突觸連接的樣本，該成果為研究人類大腦提供了重要資源。這一樣本仍然只是整個人類大腦容量的百萬分之一，未來的擴展研究仍然是巨大的技術挑戰。</p> <p>　　<strong>總編輯圈點</strong></p> <p>　　大腦皮層，在整個腦和全部神經系統的演化史上最晚出現，但功能卻最高階。換句話說，為什麼我們有“高級認知功能”？如思考、記憶、計劃、感知、語言和注意力，可能就要從大腦皮層中尋找答案。多年來，科學家已經在理解複雜大腦的宏觀結構上取得長足進步，但對於單個神經細胞水準上的構造、相互連接的突觸，尚有許許多多問題未厘清。感謝匿名的捐贈者，讓科學家利用那些原本會被丟棄的切除組織，構建出一幅微小卻也宏大的“地圖”，讓人類對自己的大腦深處有了前所未有的了解。</p></div> <div class="editor f14">[責任編輯：李丹]</div> </div>  <div class="page-number"> <script type="text/javascript"> createPageHTML(1, 0, "t20210608_12357646", "htm"); </script> </div>  </div>   <div 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