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//]]></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://103.249.53.35/gate/big5/afpmm.alicdn.com/g/mm/afp-cdn/JS/k.js@OldUrl;@JS;http://culture.taiwan.cn/lawhsx/201611/t20161123_11631833.htm_.js"></script>  </div>  <div id="tw_artmain"> <div class="tw_place"><a href="http://103.249.53.35/" target="_self">台灣網</a> > <a href="http://103.249.53.35/gate/big5/culture.taiwan.cn/" target="_self" title="兩岸文化" class="CurrChnlCls">兩岸文化</a> > <a href="http://103.249.53.35/gate/big5/culture.taiwan.cn/lawhsx/" target="_self" title="書訊" class="CurrChnlCls">書訊</a></div> <h1 class="art_tit">原來你是這樣的宋朝</h1> <div class="art_time">2016年11月23日 08:51:23 來源：中國青年網 <div class="art_font"><div style="float:left;margin-top:-6px;">  <div class="bdsharebuttonbox"><a href="#" class="bds_more" data-cmd="more"></a><a href="#" class="bds_qzone" data-cmd="qzone" title="分享到QQ空間"></a><a href="#" class="bds_tsina" data-cmd="tsina" title="分享到新浪微博"></a><a href="#" class="bds_tqq" data-cmd="tqq" title="分享到騰訊微博"></a><a href="#" class="bds_renren" data-cmd="renren" title="分享到人人網"></a><a href="#" class="bds_weixin" data-cmd="weixin" title="分享到微信"></a></div> <script>window._bd_share_config={"common":{"bdSnsKey":{},"bdText":"","bdMini":"2","bdMiniList":false,"bdPic":"","bdStyle":"0","bdSize":"16"},"share":{}};with(document)0[(getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||body).appendChild(createElement('script')).src='http://103.249.53.35/gate/big5/bdimg.share.baidu.com/static/api/js/share.js?v=89860593.js?cdnversion='+~(-new Date()/36e5)];</script>  </div><div style="float:left;"><a href="javascript:window.print();"><img src="http://ats.taiwan.cn/images/jingmao_34.gif" align="top" /></a>字號：<a href="javascript:void(0);" class="smallFont">小</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="medFont">中</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="largeFont">大</a></div></div> </div> <div class="art_con left"> <div class="art_txt fontsizebox"> <div class=TRS_Editor><p align="center"> <img src="http://103.249.53.35/gate/big5/culture.taiwan.cn/lawhsx/201611/W020161123318824015270.jpg" style="border-width: 0px;" alt="" OLDSRC="W020161123318824015270.jpg" /></p> <p align="center"><font face="楷體,楷體_GB2312">　　書名：《原來你是這樣的宋朝》</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="楷體,楷體_GB2312">　　作者：吳鉤</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="楷體,楷體_GB2312">　　出版社：長江文藝出版社</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="楷體,楷體_GB2312">　　出版時間：2016年9月</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="楷體,楷體_GB2312">　　定價：38.00</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="楷體,楷體_GB2312">　　書號：978-7-5354-9157-2</font></p> <p>　　<strong>[精彩文摘]</strong></p> <p>　　朱熹是一個“三體迷”</p> <p>　　吳鉤</p> <p>　　<strong>蔡京是福利制度推手</strong></p> <p>　　歷史上許多名人，都有著雙重身份。看過《水滸傳》的朋友應該知道，高俅是宋朝的太尉，又是一名高技能的蹴鞠運動員。宋徽宗既是皇帝，又是藝術造詣很高的書畫家。不過下面這位宋朝人，他的另一個身份你未必就曉得了——他是蔡京，宋徽宗朝的宰相，或者乾脆說，就是一奸相吧，私生活奢靡，執政誤國，同時他也是著名的書法家，據說“宋体字”就是他創造的，這些你應該知道了，不過你知不知道蔡京還是北宋國家福利制度的最重要推動者呢？無數貧苦的宋朝平民都曾從蔡京的福利政策中受惠。</p> <p>　　蔡京執政之時，正是北宋的福利政策全面鋪開之期。來看史書怎麼說：“崇寧初，蔡京當國，置居養院、安濟坊。（居養院）給常平米，厚至數倍，差官卒充使令，置火頭，具飲膳，給以衲衣絮被。州縣奉行過當，或具帷帳，顧乳母、女使，縻費無藝，不免率斂，貧者樂而富者擾矣。三年，又置漏澤園。初，神宗詔：‘開封府界僧寺旅寄棺柩，貧不能葬，令畿縣各度官不毛地三五頃，聽人安厝，命僧主之。葬及三千人以上，度僧一人，三年與紫衣；有紫衣與師號，更使領事三年，願復領者聽之。’至是，蔡京推廣為園，置籍，瘞人並深三尺，毋令暴露，監司巡歷檢察。安濟坊亦募僧主之，三年醫愈千人，賜紫衣、祠部牒各一道。醫者人給手歷，以書所治痊失，歲終考其數為殿最（考核指標）。諸城、寨、鎮、市，戶及千以上有知監者，依各縣增置居養院、安濟坊、漏澤園。道路遇寒僵仆之人及無衣乞者，許送近便居養院，給錢米救濟。孤貧小兒可教者，令入小學聽讀，其衣襕于常平頭子錢內給造，仍免入齋之用。遺棄小兒，顧人乳養，仍聽宮觀、寺院養為童行（未領度牒的少年出家人）。宣和二年，詔：‘居養、安濟、漏澤可參考元豐舊法，裁立中制。應居養之日給秔米或粟米一升，錢十文省，十一月至正月加柴炭，五文省，小兒減半。安濟坊錢米依居養法，醫藥如舊制。漏澤園除葬埋依見行條法外，應資給，若齋醮等事悉罷。’”（《宋史?食貨志》）</p> <p>　　蔡京推動建立的國家福利制度包括三個系統：一為居養院，是政府設立的福利收養院，收養孤苦無依的老人、孤兒、棄嬰、流浪乞丐、殘疾人，被收養的孤兒還將獲得免費的基礎教育；二是安濟坊，是福利醫院，免費收治窮苦的病人；三是漏澤園，即福利公墓。這三個福利體系，基本上涵蓋了對窮人“從搖籃到墳墓”的救濟。按照蔡京的規劃，天下各州縣及規模略大的城寨市鎮，都必須設立居養院、安濟坊、漏澤園，以救濟無法自存之人。</p> <p>　　宋王朝的福利政策當然不是蔡京首創，蔡京執政之前，北宋已建立了居養院、安濟坊、漏澤園，不過，這些福利機構卻是在蔡京的推動下才全面展開的，當時甚至發生了“州縣奉行過當”的“福利病”。而當蔡京罷相之後，北宋的福利制度則出現明顯的收縮。可以說，極力發展國家福利確實是蔡京的執政偏好。</p> <p>　　《水滸傳》中的蔡京無疑是一名老奸巨滑之徒，歷史上，蔡京也是被列為北宋“六賊”之首。不過，我們今天評價歷史人物，大可不必因人廢政，明末的顧炎武便說：“漏澤園之設，起于蔡京，不可以其人而廢其法。”了解蔡京作為北宋福利制度重要推動者的另一個身份，可以讓我們發現一個更為立體的蔡京形象。</p> <p>　　<strong>[作者介紹]</strong></p> <p>　　吳鉤,騰訊“大家”簽約作家，生於上世紀七十年代，著名宋史研究者。主要關注領域為古代的政制與社會生活，習慣以社會學與政治學為分析工具，對正史野稗、前人筆記所記錄的古代社會、官場細節及其背後隱秘進行梳理分析。在《博覽群書》《書屋》《社會科學論壇》《二十一世紀》等刊物發表有多篇歷史社會學隨筆。著有《生活在宋朝》（長江文藝出版社，2015）《宋：現代社會的拂曉》（廣西師範大學出版社，2015）《隱權力：中國歷史弈局的幕後推力》（雲南人民出版社，2010）《隱權力2：中國傳統社會的運作遊戲》（復旦大學出版社，2011）等歷史暢銷書。</p></div> <p class="editor">[責任編輯：楊真斌]</p> </div> <div class="page"> <script type="text/javascript"> createPageHTML(1, 0, "t20161123_11631833", "htm"); 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